A new report reveals that more than 20 million tonnes of oil and fuel were supplied to Israel during its genocidal war on Gaza, including shipments traced to Arab states.
Twenty-five countries delivered 323 shipments of crude oil and refined products to Israel, totaling 21.2 million tonnes, in the two years of Israel’s genocidal assault on the Gaza Strip, according to a new report by Oil Change International.
The report, titled Behind the Barrel: An Update on the Origins of Israel’s Fuel Supply “reveals the deadly links between fossil fuel suppliers and international conflict.”
🚨NEW @PriceofOil report launched at #COP30: Behind the Barrel: An Update on the Origins of Israel’s Fuel Supply. Between Nov 2023–Oct 2025, 25 countries shipped 21.2M tonnes of oil + fuel to Israel, including military jet fuel. 🔗https://t.co/mnvKoZvafJ #StopFuelingGenocide pic.twitter.com/RlxmnpEVWz
— Oil Change International (@PriceofOil) November 13, 2025
It tracks over 21 million tonnes of crude oil and refined fuels delivered to Israel between November 2023 and October 2025, including jet fuel used for military aircrafts.
The data shows that Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and the United States were among the largest suppliers of oil and refined products during this period. While direct shipments from Brazil appeared to end in early 2024, evidence suggests that Brazilian crude may have continued reaching Israel indirectly via Italy’s Sarroch refinery in Sardinia, the organization said.
In addition to Western and Eurasian suppliers, the report makes clear that Arab states have also played a role—directly or indirectly—in sustaining Israel’s fuel supply during its genocidal war on Gaza.
Shipments linked to Gulf and regional actors, whether through crude oil blending, re-export via refineries, or transit routes, demonstrate that complicity extends beyond Europe and North America. While several Arab governments issued statements condemning Israel’s actions, the continued movement of oil and refined products through their infrastructure exposes a sharp disconnect between diplomatic rhetoric and material support.
Supply from Turkiye and Russia
Released on the sidelines of the COP30 UN climate summit in Brazil, the report stated that Azerbaijan (via Turkiye) and Kazakhstan (via Russia) supplied around 70 percent of crude oil, while Russia was the largest supplier of refined fuels, accounting for nearly half of total refined products.
Around 30 percent of Israel’s oil comes from Azerbaijan’s state oil company via a pipeline that runs straight through Turkey – making it one of the genocidal state’s main suppliers. pic.twitter.com/F6Aw6MnC1d
— Electronic Intifada (@intifada) October 11, 2025
The United States was the only supplier of JP-8 military jet fuel “a jet fuel blend specifically designed for military aircraft,” it noted, sending nine shipments totaling 360,000 tonnes of JP-8, as well as two shipments of diesel, all from Valero’s Bill Greehey Refinery in Corpus Christi, Texas.
Other crude suppliers included Brazil, Gabon, and Nigeria, and refined fuels also came from Greece, Italy, and Cyprus.
‘Moral, Legal Obligation’
Some countries continued to ship fossil fuels to Israel even after the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that Israel’s actions are unlawful, and a UN Commission concluded that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza, the organization said.
“Governments permitted fuel supplies to Israel even after it became clear Israel was committing genocide in Gaza, a finding now backed by a UN commission,” Bronwen Tucker, an Oil Change International official, said.
Tucker stressed that “States have a moral and legal obligation to end these fuel flows immediately, adding that the “same fossil fuel system that drives the climate crisis also drives war, occupation, and genocide.”
We are here at #COP30 press conference to expose the conections between the genocide in 🇵🇸Palestine and climate justice. Follow along 👇: https://t.co/aeHJWIWIx4 pic.twitter.com/WjrPL70lX2
— Oil Change International (@PriceofOil) November 13, 2025
The report revealed that Azeri oil is delivered via the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, “which terminates in Ceyhan, Turkey, where the crude is loaded onto tankers for export.” Turkiye is thus listed “as the country of origin for these shipments,” it stated. However, the report added, all of the crude is identified as “Azeri-BTC”.
Tucker said that at COP30, where governments are negotiating how to phase out fossil fuels, “it’s essential to confront this reality.”
“States must follow the example of people across the world who refuse to be complicit in the genocide in Gaza: from trade unionists blocking shipments to campaigners demanding accountability,” she added.
Genocide Convention
The report cited a legal opinion on the Obligations of Third States and Corporations to Prevent and Punish Genocide in Gaza, published by Dr. Irene Pietropaoli, Senior Fellow in Business and Human Rights at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, which outlines the responsibility of states and raises the question of whether these states’ role in Israel’s fuel supply contravenes these obligations.
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“The obligation of States to comply with the ICJ interim Order flow directly from Article I of the Genocide Convention, which requires States to undertake ‘to prevent and to punish genocide’,” Dr. Pietrapaoli told Oil Change International in an emailed statement.
She added, “The ICJ Order finding ‘a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights found by the Court to be plausible’ means that States are now aware of the risk of genocide being committed in Gaza.”
‘Risk of Being Complicit’
Dr Petrapaoli warned that States must consider that their military or other assistance to Israel’s military operations in Gaza “may put them at a risk of being complicit in genocide under the Genocide Convention.”
The report noted that in August 2024, Colombian President Gustavo Petro announced that Colombia was “officially” halting coal exports to Israel, citing the use of Colombian coal in weapons used against Palestinians in Gaza.
The Israeli delegation walked out of the climate conference at COP30 in
Brazil amid chants for Palestinian freedom by protesters. pic.twitter.com/udz81aYdT2— Eye on Palestine (@EyeonPalestine) November 13, 2025
It also highlighted that in September 2025, the UN’s Independent International Commission called on member states to “cease the transfer of arms and other equipment or items, including jet fuel, to the State of Israel or third States where there is reason to suspect their use in military operations that have involved or could involve the commission of genocide.”
Over 69,000 Killed
Starting on October 7, 2023, the Israeli military, with American support, launched a genocidal war against the people of Gaza. This campaign has so far resulted in the deaths of over 69,000 Palestinians, with more than 170,000 wounded. The vast majority of the population has been displaced, and the destruction of infrastructure is unprecedented since World War II. Thousands of people are still missing.
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In addition to the military assault, the Israeli blockade has caused a man-made famine, leading to the deaths of hundreds of Palestinians—mostly children—with hundreds of thousands more at risk.
Despite widespread international condemnation, little has been done to hold Israel accountable. The nation is currently under investigation for genocide by the International Court of Justice, while accused war criminals, including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, are officially wanted by the International Criminal Court.
(The Palestine Chronicle)
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